432 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
432 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# HTTP的请求头和响应头
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浏览器与服务器通信，主要是依靠请求报文来向服务器表示想要获取到什么样的资源，服务器会用响应报文来表达服务器会员的数据的情况
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# 自定义web框架
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web应用本质上就是一个socket服务端，浏览器是socket客户端，基于请求做出响应，客户都先请求，服务端做出对应的响应，按照http协议的请求协议发送请求，服务端按照http协议的响应协议来响应请求，这样的网络通信，我们就可以自己实现Web框架了。
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准备一个html文件
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>测试页面</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>标题1</h1>
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<img src="https://iproute.cn/medias/logo.png" alt="头像">
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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编写python的socket服务端
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```python
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import socket
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sk = socket.socket()
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# 允许地址复用
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sk.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
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sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
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sk.listen()
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conn,addr = sk.accept()
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b_msg = conn.recv(1024)
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str_msg = b_msg.decode('utf-8')
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conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 ok \r\n\r\n')
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conn.send(b'hello')
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conn.close()
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sk.close()
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```
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运行服务端之后，浏览器访问http://127.0.0.1:8080，浏览器传给socket的内容如下
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```
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GET / HTTP/1.1
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Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7
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Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
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Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,zh-TW;q=0.8
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Cache-Control: max-age=0
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Connection: keep-alive
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Host: 127.0.0.1:8080
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Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
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Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
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Sec-Fetch-Site: none
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Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
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Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
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User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
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sec-ch-ua: "Google Chrome";v="131", "Chromium";v="131", "Not_A Brand";v="24"
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sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
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sec-ch-ua-platform: "macOS"
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```
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修改socket服务端，让其返回网页内容
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```python
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import socket
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sk = socket.socket()
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# 允许地址复用
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sk.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
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sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
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sk.listen()
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conn,addr = sk.accept()
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b_msg = conn.recv(1024)
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str_msg = b_msg.decode('utf-8')
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print(str_msg)
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conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 ok \r\n\r\n')
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with open('test.html','rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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sk.close()
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```
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这样就可以将网页内容返回给浏览器了
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如果想要在网页中携带本地路径的图片，那么修改html代码
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>测试页面</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>标题1</h1>
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<img src="logo.png" alt="头像">
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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然后修改socket服务端
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```python
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import socket
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sk = socket.socket()
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# 允许地址复用
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sk.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
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sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
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sk.listen()
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while 1: # 浏览器多次访问，所以需要while
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conn,addr = sk.accept()
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b_msg = conn.recv(1024)
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str_msg = b_msg.decode('utf-8')
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path = str_msg.split('\r\n')[0].split(' ')[1]
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print('path>>>',path)
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conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 ok \r\n\r\n')
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if path == '/':
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with open('test.html','rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close() # HTTP协议是短链接的，一次请求对应一次响应，这个请求就结束了，所以我们需要写上close，不然浏览器自己断了
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elif path == '/logo.png':
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with open('logo.png','rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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sk.close()
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```
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可以改成使用函数的版本
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```python
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import socket
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sk = socket.socket()
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# 允许地址复用
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sk.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
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sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
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sk.listen()
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def func1(conn):
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with open('test.html', 'rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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def func2(conn):
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with open('logo.png', 'rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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while 1:
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conn,addr = sk.accept()
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b_msg = conn.recv(1024)
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str_msg = b_msg.decode('utf-8')
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path = str_msg.split('\r\n')[0].split(' ')[1]
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print('path>>>',path)
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conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 ok \r\n\r\n')
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if path == '/':
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func1(conn)
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elif path == '/logo.png':
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func2(conn)
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sk.close()
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```
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现在还不支持高并发的情况，可以加上多线程
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```python
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import socket
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from threading import Thread
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sk = socket.socket()
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# 允许地址复用
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sk.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
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sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
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sk.listen()
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def func1(conn):
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with open('test.html', 'rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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def func2(conn):
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with open('logo.png', 'rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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while 1:
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conn,addr = sk.accept()
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b_msg = conn.recv(1024)
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str_msg = b_msg.decode('utf-8')
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path = str_msg.split('\r\n')[0].split(' ')[1]
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print('path>>>',path)
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conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 ok \r\n\r\n')
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if path == '/':
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t = Thread(target=func1,args=(conn,))
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t.start()
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elif path == '/logo.png':
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t = Thread(target=func2,args=(conn,))
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t.start()
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sk.close()
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```
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替换字符串，实现不同的时间访问返回时间戳模拟动态内容
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在网页中，用特殊的符号`@@666@@`表示需要被替换掉的地方，修改html代码
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>测试页面</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>标题1</h1>
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<img src="logo.png" alt="头像">
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<h2>@@666@@</h2>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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修改socket服务端
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```python
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import socket
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from threading import Thread
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import time
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sk = socket.socket()
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# 允许地址复用
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sk.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
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sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
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sk.listen()
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def func1(conn):
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with open('test.html', 'r',encoding="utf-8") as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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now = str(time.time())
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f_data = f_data.replace("@@666@@",now).encode('utf-8')
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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def func2(conn):
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with open('logo.png', 'rb') as f:
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f_data = f.read()
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conn.send(f_data)
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conn.close()
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while 1:
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conn,addr = sk.accept()
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b_msg = conn.recv(1024)
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str_msg = b_msg.decode('utf-8')
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path = str_msg.split('\r\n')[0].split(' ')[1]
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print('path>>>',path)
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conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 ok \r\n\r\n')
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if path == '/':
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t = Thread(target=func1,args=(conn,))
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t.start()
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elif path == '/logo.png':
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t = Thread(target=func2,args=(conn,))
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t.start()
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sk.close()
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```
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# WSGI
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WSGI（Web Server Gateway Interface）是一种规范，它定义了使用Python编写的web应用程序与web服务器程序之间的接口格式，实现web应用程序与web服务器程序间的解耦。
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常用的WSGI服务器有uwsgi、Gunicorn。而Python标准库提供的独立WSGI服务器叫wsgiref，Django开发环境用的就是这个模块来做服务器。
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# 模板渲染JinJa2
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上面的过程中用`@@666@@`替换了动态的内容， 其实模板渲染有个现成的工具： `jinja2`
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安装`jinja2`
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```bash
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pip install jinja2 -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
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```
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编写html文件
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>jinja2</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>姓名：{{name}}</h1>
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<h1>爱好：</h1>
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<ul>
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{% for hobby in hobby_list %}
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<li>{{hobby}}</li>
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{% endfor %}
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</ul>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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编写wsgi服务端
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```python
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from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
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from jinja2 import Template
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def index():
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with open("test.html", "r", encoding='utf-8') as f:
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data = f.read()
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template = Template(data)
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ret = template.render({"name": "张三", "hobby_list": ["抽烟", "喝酒", "烫头"]})
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return [bytes(ret, encoding="utf-8"), ]
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URL_LIST = [
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("/index/", index),
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]
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def run_server(environ, start_response):
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start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html;charset=utf8'), ])
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url = environ['PATH_INFO']
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func = None
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for i in URL_LIST:
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if i[0] == url:
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func = i[1]
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break
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if func:
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return func()
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else:
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return [bytes("404没有该页面", encoding="utf8"), ]
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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http = make_server('', 8000, run_server)
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print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...")
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http.serve_forever()
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```
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下面演示从数据库中提取内容进行替换
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- mysql点此下载：https://www.123865.com/s/BKNfTd-WDXKA提取码:6666
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```sql
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-- 创建数据库
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create database pywebdb;
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-- 进入数据库中
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use pywebdb
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-- 创建表
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CREATE TABLE user(
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id int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
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name CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
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hobby CHAR(20) NOT NULL
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)engine=innodb DEFAULT charset=UTF8;
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-- 插入一个数据
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INSERT into user (name, hobby) VALUES ('张三', '抽烟,喝酒,烫头');
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-- 查看插入的数据
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SELECT * FROM user;
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```
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修改socket服务端
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```python
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import pymysql
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from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
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from jinja2 import Template
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def index(name,hobby):
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with open("index.html", "r", encoding='utf-8') as f:
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data = f.read()
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template = Template(data)
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ret = template.render({"name":name, "hobby_list":hobby})
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return [bytes(ret, encoding="utf-8"),]
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URL_LIST = [
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("/index/", index),
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]
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def run_server(environ, start_response):
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conn = pymysql.connect(
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host="127.0.0.1",
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port=3306,
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user="root",
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passwd="test123",
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db="pywebdb",
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charset="utf8"
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)
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cursor = conn.cursor()
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cursor.execute('select * from user')
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data = cursor.fetchone()
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name=data[1]
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hobby=data[2]
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conn.close()
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start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html;charset=utf8'),])
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url = environ['PATH_INFO']
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func = None
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for i in URL_LIST:
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if i[0] == url:
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func = i[1]
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break
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if func:
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return func(name,hobby)
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else:
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return [bytes("404没有该页面", encoding="utf8"),]
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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http = make_server('',8000,run_server)
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print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...")
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http.serve_forever()
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```
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模板的原理就是字符串替换，我们只要在HTML页面中遵循jinja2的语法规则写上，其内部就会按照指定的语法进行相应的替换，从而达到动态的返回内容。
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