309 lines
7.0 KiB
Markdown
309 lines
7.0 KiB
Markdown
# Python文件操作
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## 文件操作基本流程
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```python
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#1. 打开文件,得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
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f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') #默认打开模式就为r
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#2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作
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data=f.read()
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#3. 关闭文件
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f.close()
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```
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打开一个文件包含两部分资源:操作系统级打开的文件+应用程序的变量。在操作完毕一个文件时,必须把与该文件的这两部分资源一个不落地回收,回收方法为:
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```python
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f.close()
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# 回收操作系统级打开的文件,系统级别不回收会导致文件一直被占用,如果程序以外崩溃,会导致数据丢失
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del f
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# 回收应用程序级的变量
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```
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在操作完毕文件后,一定要记住f.close(),推荐操作方式:使用with关键字来帮我们管理上下文
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```python
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with open('a.txt','r') as read_f,open('b.txt','w') as write_f:
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data=read_f.read()
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write_f.write(data)
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```
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## 文件编码
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f=open(...)是由操作系统打开文件,那么如果我们没有为open指定编码,那么打开文件的默认编码很明显是操作系统说了算了,操作系统会用自己的默认编码去打开文件,在windows下是gbk,在linux下是utf-8。
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```python
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f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')
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```
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## 文件的打开模式
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### 打开文件的模式
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| r | 只读模式【默认模式,文件必须存在,不存在则抛出异常】 |
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| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
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| w | 只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则清空内容】 |
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| a | 只追加写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容】 |
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对于非文本文件,我们只能使用b模式,"b"表示以字节的方式操作(而所有文件也都是以字节的形式存储的,使用这种模式无需考虑文本文件的字符编码、图片文件的jgp格式、视频文件的avi格式)
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rb
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wb
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ab
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注:以b方式打开时,读取到的内容是字节类型,写入时也需要提供字节类型,不能指定编码
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### ‘+’模式(就是增加了一个功能)
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| r+ | 读写【可读,可写】 |
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| ---- | ------------------ |
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| w+ | 写读【可写,可读】 |
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| a+ | 写读【可写,可读】 |
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| 模式 | 可做操作 | 若文件不存在 | 是否覆盖 |
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| ---- | -------- | ------------ | ---------- |
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| r | 只能读 | 报错 | - |
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| r+ | 可读可写 | 报错 | 是 |
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| w | 只能写 | 创建 | 是 |
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| w+ | 可读可写 | 创建 | 是 |
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| a | 只能写 | 创建 | 否,追加写 |
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| a+ | 可读可写 | 创建 | 否,追加写 |
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### 以bytes类型操作的读写,写读,写读模式
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| r+b | 读写【可读,可写】 |
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| ---- | ------------------ |
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| w+b | 写读【可写,可读】 |
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| a+b | 写读【可写,可读】 |
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## 文件操作方法
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### 常用操作方法
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read(3):
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1. 文件打开方式为文本模式时,代表读取3个字符
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2. 文件打开方式为b模式时,代表读取3个字节
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其余的文件内光标移动都是以字节为单位的如:seek,tell,truncate
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注意:
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1. seek有三种移动方式0,1,2,其中1和2必须在b模式下进行,但无论哪种模式,都是以bytes为单位移动的
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2. truncate是截断文件,所以文件的打开方式必须可写,但是不能用w或w+等方式打开,因为那样直接清空文件了,所以truncate要在r+或a或a+等模式下测试效果。
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### 所有的操作方法
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```python
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def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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关闭文件
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pass
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def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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文件描述符
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pass
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def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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刷新文件内部缓冲区
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pass
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def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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判断文件是否是同意tty设备
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pass
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def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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读取指定字节数据
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pass
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def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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是否可读
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pass
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def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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仅读取一行数据
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pass
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def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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指定文件中指针位置
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pass
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def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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指针是否可操作
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pass
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def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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获取指针位置
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pass
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def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据
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pass
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def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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是否可写
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pass
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def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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写内容
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pass
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def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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pass
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def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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pass
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@staticmethod # known case of __new__
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def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
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pass
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def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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""" Implement next(self). """
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pass
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def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
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""" Return repr(self). """
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pass
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```
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## 文件的修改
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文件的数据是存放于硬盘上的,因而只存在覆盖、不存在修改这么一说,我们平时看到的修改文件,都是模拟出来的效果,具体的说有两种实现方式:
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方式一:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容全部加载到内存,在内存中是可以修改的,修改完毕后,再由内存覆盖到硬盘(word,vim,nodpad++等编辑器)
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```python
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import os
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with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('a.txt.new','w') as write_f:
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data = read_f.read()
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data = data.replace('Hello','nihao')
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write_f.write(data)
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os.remove('a.txt')
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os.rename('a.txt.new','a.txt')
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```
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方式二:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容一行一行地读入内存,修改完毕就写入新文件,最后用新文件覆盖源文件
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```python
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import os
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with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('a.txt.new','w') as write_f:
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for line in read_f:
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line = line.replace('nihao','Hello')
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write_f.write(line)
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os.remove('a.txt')
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os.rename('a.txt.new','a.txt')
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```
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## 小测验
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文件a.txt内容:每一行内容分别为商品名字,价钱,个数。
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apple 10 3
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tesla 100000 1
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mac 3000 2
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lenovo 30000 3
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chicken 10 3
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通过代码,将其构建成这种数据类型:[{'name':'apple','price':10,'amount':3},{'name':'tesla','price':1000000,'amount':1}......] 并计算出总价钱。
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```python
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list = []
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with open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as file:
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for line in file:
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list2 = line.strip().split()
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if list2:
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dic = {'name':list2[0],'price':list2[1],'amount':list2[2]}
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list.append(dic)
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continue
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print(list)
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price = 0
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for i in list:
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price += int(i['price']) * int(i['amount'])
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print(price)
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``` |