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Library API
===========
Highlight.js exports a few functions as methods of the ``hljs`` object.
``highlight(name, value, ignore_illegals, continuation)``
---------------------------------------------------------
Core highlighting function.
Accepts a language name, or an alias, and a string with the code to highlight.
The ``ignore_illegals`` parameter, when present and evaluates to a true value,
forces highlighting to finish even in case of detecting illegal syntax for the
language instead of throwing an exception.
The ``continuation`` is an optional mode stack representing unfinished parsing.
When present, the function will restart parsing from this state instead of
initializing a new one.
Returns an object with the following properties:
* ``language``: language name, same as the one passed into a function, returned for consistency with ``highlightAuto``
* ``relevance``: integer value
* ``value``: HTML string with highlighting markup
* ``top``: top of the current mode stack
``highlightAuto(value, languageSubset)``
----------------------------------------
Highlighting with language detection.
Accepts a string with the code to highlight and an optional array of language names and aliases restricting detection to only those languages. The subset can also be set with ``configure``, but the local parameter overrides the option if set.
Returns an object with the following properties:
* ``language``: detected language
* ``relevance``: integer value
* ``value``: HTML string with highlighting markup
* ``second_best``: object with the same structure for second-best heuristically detected language, may be absent
``fixMarkup(value)``
--------------------
Post-processing of the highlighted markup. Currently consists of replacing indentation TAB characters and using ``<br>`` tags instead of new-line characters. Options are set globally with ``configure``.
Accepts a string with the highlighted markup.
``highlightBlock(block)``
-------------------------
Applies highlighting to a DOM node containing code.
This function is the one to use to apply highlighting dynamically after page load
or within initialization code of third-party Javascript frameworks.
The function uses language detection by default but you can specify the language
in the ``class`` attribute of the DOM node. See the :doc:`class reference
</css-classes-reference>` for all available language names and aliases.
``configure(options)``
----------------------
Configures global options:
* ``tabReplace``: a string used to replace TAB characters in indentation.
* ``useBR``: a flag to generate ``<br>`` tags instead of new-line characters in the output, useful when code is marked up using a non-``<pre>`` container.
* ``classPrefix``: a string prefix added before class names in the generated markup, used for backwards compatibility with stylesheets.
* ``languages``: an array of language names and aliases restricting auto detection to only these languages.
Accepts an object representing options with the values to updated. Other options don't change
::
hljs.configure({
tabReplace: ' ', // 4 spaces
classPrefix: '' // don't append class prefix
// … other options aren't changed
})
hljs.initHighlighting();
``initHighlighting()``
----------------------
Applies highlighting to all ``<pre><code>..</code></pre>`` blocks on a page.
``initHighlightingOnLoad()``
----------------------------
Attaches highlighting to the page load event.
``registerLanguage(name, language)``
------------------------------------
Adds new language to the library under the specified name. Used mostly internally.
* ``name``: a string with the name of the language being registered
* ``language``: a function that returns an object which represents the
language definition. The function is passed the ``hljs`` object to be able
to use common regular expressions defined within it.
``listLanguages()``
----------------------------
Returns the languages names list.
.. _getLanguage:
``getLanguage(name)``
---------------------
Looks up a language by name or alias.
Returns the language object if found, ``undefined`` otherwise.

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Building and testing
====================
To actually run highlight.js it is necessary to build it for the environment
where you're going to run it: a browser, the node.js server, etc.
Building
--------
The build tool is written in JavaScript using node.js. Before running the
script, make sure to have node installed and run ``npm install`` to get the
dependencies.
The tool is located in ``tools/build.js``. A few useful examples:
* Build for a browser using only common languages::
node tools/build.js :common
* Build for node.js including all available languages::
node tools/build.js -t node
* Build two specific languages for debugging, skipping compression in this case::
node tools/build.js -n python ruby
On some systems the node binary is named ``nodejs``; simply replace ``node``
with ``nodejs`` in the examples above if that is the case.
The full option reference is available with the usual ``--help`` option.
The build result will be in the ``build/`` directory.
.. _basic-testing:
Basic testing
-------------
The usual approach to debugging and testing a language is first doing it
visually. You need to build highlight.js with only the language you're working
on (without compression, to have readable code in browser error messages) and
then use the Developer tool in ``tools/developer.html`` to see how it highlights
a test snippet in that language.
A test snippet should be short and give the idea of the overall look of the
language. It shouldn't include every possible syntactic element and shouldn't
even make practical sense.
After you satisfied with the result you need to make sure that language
detection still works with your language definition included in the whole suite.
Testing is done using `Mocha <http://mochajs.org/>`_ and the
files are found in the ``test/`` directory. You can use the node build to
run the tests in the command line with ``npm test`` after installing the
dependencies with ``npm install``.
**Note**: for Debian-based machine, like Ubuntu, you might need to create an
alias or symbolic link for nodejs to node. The reason for this is the
dependencies that are requires to test highlight.js has a reference to
"node".
Place the snippet you used inside the browser in
``test/detect/<language>/default.txt``, build the package with all the languages
for node and run the test suite. If your language breaks auto-detection, it
should be fixed by :ref:`improving relevance <relevance>`, which is a black art
in and of itself. When in doubt, please refer to the discussion group!
Testing markup
--------------
You can also provide additional markup tests for the language to test isolated
cases of various syntactic construct. If your language has 19 different string
literals or complicated heuristics for telling division (``/``) apart from
regexes (``/ .. /``) -- this is the place.
A test case consists of two files:
* ``test/markup/<language>/<test_name>.txt``: test code
* ``test/markup/<language>/<test_name>.expect.txt``: reference rendering
To generate reference rendering use the Developer tool located at
``tools/developer.html``. Make sure to explicitly select your language in the
drop-down menu, as automatic detection is unlikely to work in this case.

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CSS classes reference
=====================
Stylable classes
----------------
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **General-purpose** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| keyword | keyword in a regular Algol-style language |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| built_in | built-in or library object (constant, class, |
| | function) |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| type | user-defined type in a language with first-class |
| | syntactically significant types, like Haskell |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| literal | special identifier for a built-in value ("true", |
| | "false", "null") |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| number | number, including units and modifiers, if any. |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| regexp | literal regular expression |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| string | literal string, character |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| subst | parsed section inside a literal string |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| symbol | symbolic constant, interned string, goto label |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| class | class or class-level declaration (interfaces, |
| | traits, modules, etc) |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| function | function or method declaration |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| title | name of a class or a function at the place of |
| | declaration |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| params | block of function arguments (parameters) at the |
| | place of declaration |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **Meta** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| comment | comment |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| doctag | documentation markup within comments |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| meta | flags, modifiers, annotations, processing |
| | instructions, preprocessor directive, etc |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| meta-keyword | keyword or built-in within meta construct |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| meta-string | string within meta construct |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **Tags, attributes, configs** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| section | heading of a section in a config file, heading in |
| | text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| tag | XML/HTML tag |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| name | name of an XML tag, the first word in an |
| | s-expression |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| builtin-name | s-expression name from the language standard |
| | library |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| attr | name of an attribute with no language defined |
| | semantics (keys in JSON, setting names in .ini), |
| | also sub-attribute within another highlighted |
| | object, like XML tag |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| attribute | name of an attribute followed by a structured |
| | value part, like CSS properties |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| variable | variable in a config or a template file, |
| | environment var expansion in a script |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **Markup** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| bullet | list item bullet in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| code | code block in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| emphasis | emphasis in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| strong | strong emphasis in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| formula | mathematical formula in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| link | hyperlink in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| quote | quotation in text markup |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **CSS** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| selector-tag | tag selector in CSS |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| selector-id | #id selector in CSS |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| selector-class | .class selector in CSS |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| selector-attr | [attr] selector in CSS |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| selector-pseudo | :pseudo selector in CSS |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **Templates** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| template-tag | tag of a template language |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| template-variable | variable in a template language |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **diff** |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| addition | added or changed line in a diff |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| deletion | deleted line in a diff |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
Language names and aliases
--------------------------
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1C | 1c |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ABNF | abnf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Access logs | accesslog |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Ada | ada |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ARM assembler | armasm, arm |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| AVR assembler | avrasm |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ActionScript | actionscript, as |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Apache | apache, apacheconf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| AppleScript | applescript, osascript |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| AsciiDoc | asciidoc, adoc |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| AspectJ | aspectj |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| AutoHotkey | autohotkey |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| AutoIt | autoit |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Awk | awk, mawk, nawk, gawk |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Axapta | axapta |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Bash | bash, sh, zsh |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Basic | basic |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| BNF | bnf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Brainfuck | brainfuck, bf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| C# | cs, csharp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| C++ | cpp, c, cc, h, c++, h++, hpp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| C/AL | cal |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Cache Object Script | cos, cls |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| CMake | cmake, cmake.in |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Coq | coq |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| CSP | csp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| CSS | css |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Cap’n Proto | capnproto, capnp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Clojure | clojure, clj |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| CoffeeScript | coffeescript, coffee, cson, iced |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Crmsh | crmsh, crm, pcmk |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Crystal | crystal, cr |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| D | d |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| DNS Zone file | dns, zone, bind |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| DOS | dos, bat, cmd |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Dart | dart |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Delphi | delphi, dpr, dfm, pas, pascal, freepascal, |
| | lazarus, lpr, lfm |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Diff | diff, patch |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Django | django, jinja |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Dockerfile | dockerfile, docker |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| dsconfig | dsconfig |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| DTS (Device Tree) | dts |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Dust | dust, dst |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| EBNF | ebnf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Elixir | elixir |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Elm | elm |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Erlang | erlang, erl |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Excel | excel, xls, xlsx |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| F# | fsharp, fs |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| FIX | fix |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Fortran | fortran, f90, f95 |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| G-Code | gcode, nc |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Gams | gams, gms |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| GAUSS | gauss, gss |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Gherkin | gherkin |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Go | go, golang |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Golo | golo, gololang |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Gradle | gradle |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Groovy | groovy |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| HTML, XML | xml, html, xhtml, rss, atom, xjb, xsd, xsl, plist |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| HTTP | http, https |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Haml | haml |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Handlebars | handlebars, hbs, html.hbs, html.handlebars |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Haskell | haskell, hs |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Haxe | haxe, hx |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Ini | ini |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Inform7 | inform7, i7 |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| IRPF90 | irpf90 |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| JSON | json |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Java | java, jsp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| JavaScript | javascript, js, jsx |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Lasso | lasso, ls, lassoscript |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Less | less |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| LDIF | ldif |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Lisp | lisp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| LiveCode Server | livecodeserver |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| LiveScript | livescript, ls |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Lua | lua |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Makefile | makefile, mk, mak |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Markdown | markdown, md, mkdown, mkd |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Mathematica | mathematica, mma |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Matlab | matlab |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Maxima | maxima |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Maya Embedded Language | mel |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Mercury | mercury |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Mizar | mizar |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Mojolicious | mojolicious |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Monkey | monkey |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Moonscript | moonscript, moon |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| NSIS | nsis |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Nginx | nginx, nginxconf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Nimrod | nimrod, nim |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Nix | nix |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| OCaml | ocaml, ml |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Objective C | objectivec, mm, objc, obj-c |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| OpenGL Shading Language | glsl |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| OpenSCAD | openscad, scad |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Oracle Rules Language | ruleslanguage |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Oxygene | oxygene |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| PF | pf, pf.conf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| PHP | php, php3, php4, php5, php6 |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Parser3 | parser3 |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Perl | perl, pl, pm |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Pony | pony |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| PowerShell | powershell, ps |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Processing | processing |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Prolog | prolog |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Protocol Buffers | protobuf |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Puppet | puppet, pp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Python | python, py, gyp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Python profiler results | profile |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Q | k, kdb |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| QML | qml |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| R | r |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| RenderMan RIB | rib |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| RenderMan RSL | rsl |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Roboconf | graph, instances |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Ruby | ruby, rb, gemspec, podspec, thor, irb |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Rust | rust, rs |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| SCSS | scss |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| SQL | sql |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| STEP Part 21 | p21, step, stp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Scala | scala |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Scheme | scheme |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Scilab | scilab, sci |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Smali | smali |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Smalltalk | smalltalk, st |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Stan | stan |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Stata | stata |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Stylus | stylus, styl |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| SubUnit | subunit |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Swift | swift |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Test Anything Protocol | tap |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Tcl | tcl, tk |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| TeX | tex |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Thrift | thrift |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| TP | tp |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Twig | twig, craftcms |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| TypeScript | typescript, ts |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| VB.Net | vbnet, vb |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| VBScript | vbscript, vbs |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| VHDL | vhdl |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Vala | vala |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Verilog | verilog, v |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Vim Script | vim |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| x86 Assembly | x86asm |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| XL | xl, tao |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| XQuery | xpath, xq |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Zephir | zephir, zep |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

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.. highlight.js documentation master file, created by
sphinx-quickstart on Wed Sep 12 23:48:27 2012.
You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
contain the root `toctree` directive.
``highlight.js`` developer documentation
==========================================
Contents:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
api
language-guide
reference
css-classes-reference
style-guide
language-contribution
building-testing
release-process
Miscellaneous:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
line-numbers
language-requests
Links:
- Code: https://github.com/isagalaev/highlight.js
- Discussion: http://groups.google.com/group/highlightjs
- Bug tracking: https://github.com/isagalaev/highlight.js/issues
Indices and tables
==================
* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`modindex`
* :ref:`search`

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Language contributor checklist
==============================
1. Put language definition into a .js file
------------------------------------------
The file defines a function accepting a reference to the library and returning a language object.
The library parameter is useful to access common modes and regexps. You should not immediately call this function,
this is done during the build process and details differ for different build targets.
::
function(hljs) {
return {
keywords: 'foo bar',
contains: [ ..., hljs.NUMBER_MODE, ... ]
}
}
The name of the file is used as a short language identifier and should be usable as a class name in HTML and CSS.
2. Provide meta data
--------------------
At the top of the file there is a specially formatted comment with meta data processed by a build system.
Meta data format is simply key-value pairs each occupying its own line:
::
/*
Language: Superlanguage
Requires: java.js, sql.js
Author: John Smith <email@domain.com>
Contributors: Mike Johnson <...@...>, Matt Wilson <...@...>
Description: Some cool language definition
*/
``Language`` — the only required header giving a human-readable language name.
``Requires`` — a list of other language files required for this language to work.
This make it possible to describe languages that extend definitions of other ones.
Required files aren't processed in any special way.
The build system just makes sure that they will be in the final package in
``LANGUAGES`` object.
The meaning of the other headers is pretty obvious.
3. Create a code example
------------------------
The code example is used both to test language detection and for the demo page
on https://highlightjs.org/. Put it in ``test/detect/<language>/default.txt``.
Take inspiration from other languages in ``test/detect/`` and read
:ref:`testing instructions <basic-testing>` for more details.
4. Write class reference
------------------------
Class reference lives in the :doc:`CSS classes reference </css-classes-reference>`..
Describe shortly names of all meaningful modes used in your language definition.
5. Add yourself to AUTHORS.*.txt and CHANGES.md
-----------------------------------------------
If you're a new contributor add yourself to the authors list. Feel free to use
either English and/or Russian version.
Also it will be good to update CHANGES.md.
6. Create a pull request
------------------------
Send your contribution as a pull request on GitHub.

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Language definition guide
=========================
Highlighting overview
---------------------
Programming language code consists of parts with different rules of parsing: keywords like ``for`` or ``if``
don't make sense inside strings, strings may contain backslash-escaped symbols like ``\"``
and comments usually don't contain anything interesting except the end of the comment.
In highlight.js such parts are called "modes".
Each mode consists of:
* starting condition
* ending condition
* list of contained sub-modes
* lexing rules and keywords
* …exotic stuff like another language inside a language
The parser's work is to look for modes and their keywords.
Upon finding, it wraps them into the markup ``<span class="...">...</span>``
and puts the name of the mode ("string", "comment", "number")
or a keyword group name ("keyword", "literal", "built-in") as the span's class name.
General syntax
--------------
A language definition is a JavaScript object describing the default parsing mode for the language.
This default mode contains sub-modes which in turn contain other sub-modes, effectively making the language definition a tree of modes.
Here's an example:
::
{
case_insensitive: true, // language is case-insensitive
keywords: 'for if while',
contains: [
{
className: 'string',
begin: '"', end: '"'
},
hljs.COMMENT(
'/\\*', // begin
'\\*/', // end
{
contains: [
{
className: 'doc', begin: '@\\w+'
}
]
}
)
]
}
Usually the default mode accounts for the majority of the code and describes all language keywords.
A notable exception here is XML in which a default mode is just a user text that doesn't contain any keywords,
and most interesting parsing happens inside tags.
Keywords
--------
In the simple case language keywords are defined in a string, separated by space:
::
{
keywords: 'else for if while'
}
Some languages have different kinds of "keywords" that might not be called as such by the language spec
but are very close to them from the point of view of a syntax highlighter. These are all sorts of "literals", "built-ins", "symbols" and such.
To define such keyword groups the attribute ``keywords`` becomes an object each property of which defines its own group of keywords:
::
{
keywords: {
keyword: 'else for if while',
literal: 'false true null'
}
}
The group name becomes then a class name in a generated markup enabling different styling for different kinds of keywords.
To detect keywords highlight.js breaks the processed chunk of code into separate words — a process called lexing.
The "word" here is defined by the regexp ``[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*`` that works for keywords in most languages.
Different lexing rules can be defined by the ``lexemes`` attribute:
::
{
lexemes '-[a-z]+',
keywords: '-import -export'
}
Sub-modes
---------
Sub-modes are listed in the ``contains`` attribute:
::
{
keywords: '...',
contains: [
hljs.QUOTE_STRING_MODE,
hljs.C_LINE_COMMENT,
{ ... custom mode definition ... }
]
}
A mode can reference itself in the ``contains`` array by using a special keyword ``'self``'.
This is commonly used to define nested modes:
::
{
className: 'object',
begin: '{', end: '}',
contains: [hljs.QUOTE_STRING_MODE, 'self']
}
Comments
--------
To define custom comments it is recommended to use a built-in helper function ``hljs.COMMENT`` instead of describing the mode directly, as it also defines a few default sub-modes that improve language detection and do other nice things.
Parameters for the function are:
::
hljs.COMMENT(
begin, // begin regex
end, // end regex
extra // optional object with extra attributes to override defaults
// (for example {relevance: 0})
)
Markup generation
-----------------
Modes usually generate actual highlighting markup — ``<span>`` elements with specific class names that are defined by the ``className`` attribute:
::
{
contains: [
{
className: 'string',
// ... other attributes
},
{
className: 'number',
// ...
}
]
}
Names are not required to be unique, it's quite common to have several definitions with the same name.
For example, many languages have various syntaxes for strings, comments, etc…
Sometimes modes are defined only to support specific parsing rules and aren't needed in the final markup.
A classic example is an escaping sequence inside strings allowing them to contain an ending quote.
::
{
className: 'string',
begin: '"', end: '"',
contains: [{begin: '\\\\.'}],
}
For such modes ``className`` attribute should be omitted so they won't generate excessive markup.
Mode attributes
---------------
Other useful attributes are defined in the :doc:`mode reference </reference>`.
.. _relevance:
Relevance
---------
Highlight.js tries to automatically detect the language of a code fragment.
The heuristics is essentially simple: it tries to highlight a fragment with all the language definitions
and the one that yields most specific modes and keywords wins. The job of a language definition
is to help this heuristics by hinting relative relevance (or irrelevance) of modes.
This is best illustrated by example. Python has special kinds of strings defined by prefix letters before the quotes:
``r"..."``, ``u"..."``. If a code fragment contains such strings there is a good chance that it's in Python.
So these string modes are given high relevance:
::
{
className: 'string',
begin: 'r"', end: '"',
relevance: 10
}
On the other hand, conventional strings in plain single or double quotes aren't specific to any language
and it makes sense to bring their relevance to zero to lessen statistical noise:
::
{
className: 'string',
begin: '"', end: '"',
relevance: 0
}
The default value for relevance is 1. When setting an explicit value it's recommended to use either 10 or 0.
Keywords also influence relevance. Each of them usually has a relevance of 1, but there are some unique names
that aren't likely to be found outside of their languages, even in the form of variable names.
For example just having ``reinterpret_cast`` somewhere in the code is a good indicator that we're looking at C++.
It's worth to set relevance of such keywords a bit higher. This is done with a pipe:
::
{
keywords: 'for if reinterpret_cast|10'
}
Illegal symbols
---------------
Another way to improve language detection is to define illegal symbols for a mode.
For example in Python first line of class definition (``class MyClass(object):``) cannot contain symbol "{" or a newline.
Presence of these symbols clearly shows that the language is not Python and the parser can drop this attempt early.
Illegal symbols are defined as a a single regular expression:
::
{
className: 'class',
illegal: '[${]'
}
Pre-defined modes and regular expressions
-----------------------------------------
Many languages share common modes and regular expressions. Such expressions are defined in core highlight.js code
at the end under "Common regexps" and "Common modes" titles. Use them when possible.
Contributing
------------
Follow the :doc:`contributor checklist </language-contribution>`.

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On requesting new languages
===========================
This is a general answer to requests for adding new languages that appear from
time to time in the highlight.js issue tracker and discussion group.
Highlight.js doesn't have a fundamental plan for implementing languages,
instead the project works by accepting language definitions from
interested contributors. There are also no rules at the moment forbidding
any languages from being added to the library, no matter how obscure or
weird.
This means that there's no point in requesting a new language without
providing an implementation for it. If you want to see a particular language
included in highlight.js but cannot implement it, the best way to make it
happen is to get another developer interested in doing so. Here's our
:doc:`language-guide`.

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Line numbers
============
Highlight.js' notable lack of line numbers support is not an oversight but a
feature. Following is the explanation of this policy from the current project
maintainer (hey guys!):
One of the defining design principles for highlight.js from the start was
simplicity. Not the simplicity of code (in fact, it's quite complex) but
the simplicity of usage and of the actual look of highlighted snippets on
HTML pages. Many highlighters, in my opinion, are overdoing it with such
things as separate colors for every single type of lexemes, striped
backgrounds, fancy buttons around code blocks and — yes — line numbers.
The more fancy stuff resides around the code the more it distracts a
reader from understanding it.
This is why it's not a straightforward decision: this new feature will not
just make highlight.js better, it might actually make it worse simply by
making it look more bloated in blog posts around the Internet. This is why
I'm asking people to show that it's worth it.
The only real use-case that ever was brought up in support of line numbers
is referencing code from the descriptive text around it. On my own blog I
was always solving this either with comments within the code itself or by
breaking the larger snippets into smaller ones and describing each small
part separately. I'm not saying that my solution is better. But I don't
see how line numbers are better either. And the only way to show that they
are better is to set up some usability research on the subject. I doubt
anyone would bother to do it.
Then there's maintenance. So far the core code of highlight.js is
maintained by only one person — yours truly. Inclusion of any new code in
highlight.js means that from that moment I will have to fix bugs in it,
improve it further, make it work together with the rest of the code,
defend its design. And I don't want to do all this for the feature that I
consider "evil" and probably will never use myself.
This position is `subject to discuss <http://groups.google.com/group/highlightjs>`_.
Also it doesn't stop anyone from forking the code and maintaining line-numbers implementation separately.

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Mode reference
==============
Types
-----
Types of attributes values in this reference:
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| identifier | String suitable to be used as a Javascript variable and CSS class name |
| | (i.e. mostly ``/[A-Za-z0-9_]+/``) |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| regexp | String representing a Javascript regexp. |
| | Note that since it's not a literal regexp all back-slashes should be repeated twice |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| boolean | Javascript boolean: ``true`` or ``false`` |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| number | Javascript number |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| object | Javascript object: ``{ ... }`` |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| array | Javascript array: ``[ ... ]`` |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Attributes
----------
case_insensitive
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: boolean
Case insensitivity of language keywords and regexps. Used only on the top-level mode.
aliases
^^^^^^^
**type**: array
A list of additional names (besides the canonical one given by the filename) that can be used to identify a language in HTML classes and in a call to :ref:`getLanguage <getLanguage>`.
className
^^^^^^^^^
**type**: identifier
The name of the mode. It is used as a class name in HTML markup.
Multiple modes can have the same name. This is useful when a language has multiple variants of syntax
for one thing like string in single or double quotes.
begin
^^^^^
**type**: regexp
Regular expression starting a mode. For example a single quote for strings or two forward slashes for C-style comments.
If absent, ``begin`` defaults to a regexp that matches anything, so the mode starts immediately.
end
^^^
**type**: regexp
Regular expression ending a mode. For example a single quote for strings or "$" (end of line) for one-line comments.
It's often the case that a beginning regular expression defines the entire mode and doesn't need any special ending.
For example a number can be defined with ``begin: "\\b\\d+"`` which spans all the digits.
If absent, ``end`` defaults to a regexp that matches anything, so the mode ends immediately.
Sometimes a mode can end not by itself but implicitly with its containing (parent) mode.
This is achieved with :ref:`endsWithParent <endsWithParent>` attribute.
beginKeywords
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: string
Used instead of ``begin`` for modes starting with keywords to avoid needless repetition:
::
{
begin: '\\b(extends|implements) ',
keywords: 'extends implements'
}
… becomes:
::
{
beginKeywords: 'extends implements'
}
Unlike the :ref:`keywords <keywords>` attribute, this one allows only a simple list of space separated keywords.
If you do need additional features of ``keywords`` or you just need more keywords for this mode you may include ``keywords`` along with ``beginKeywords``.
.. _endsWithParent:
endsWithParent
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: boolean
A flag showing that a mode ends when its parent ends.
This is best demonstrated by example. In CSS syntax a selector has a set of rules contained within symbols "{" and "}".
Individual rules separated by ";" but the last one in a set can omit the terminating semicolon:
::
p {
width: 100%; color: red
}
This is when ``endsWithParent`` comes into play:
::
{
className: 'rules', begin: '{', end: '}',
contains: [
{className: 'rule', /* ... */ end: ';', endsWithParent: true}
]
}
.. _endsParent:
endsParent
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: boolean
Forces closing of the parent mode right after the current mode is closed.
This is used for modes that don't have an easily expressible ending lexeme but
instead could be closed after the last interesting sub-mode is found.
Here's an example with two ways of defining functions in Elixir, one using a
keyword ``do`` and another using a comma:
::
def foo :clear, list do
:ok
end
def foo, do: IO.puts "hello world"
Note that in the first case the parameter list after the function title may also
include a comma. And iIf we're only interested in highlighting a title we can
tell it to end the function definition after itself:
::
{
className: 'function',
beginKeywords: 'def', end: /\B\b/,
contains: [
{
className: 'title',
begin: hljs.IDENT_RE, endsParent: true
}
]
}
(The ``end: /\B\b/`` regex tells function to never end by itself.)
.. _lexemes:
lexemes
^^^^^^^
**type**: regexp
A regular expression that extracts individual lexemes from language text to find :ref:`keywords <keywords>` among them.
Default value is ``hljs.IDENT_RE`` which works for most languages.
.. _keywords:
keywords
^^^^^^^^
**type**: object
Keyword definition comes in two forms:
* ``'for while if else weird_voodoo|10 ... '`` -- a string of space-separated keywords with an optional relevance over a pipe
* ``{'keyword': ' ... ', 'literal': ' ... '}`` -- an object whose keys are names of different kinds of keywords and values are keyword definition strings in the first form
For detailed explanation see :doc:`Language definition guide </language-guide>`.
illegal
^^^^^^^
**type**: regexp
A regular expression that defines symbols illegal for the mode.
When the parser finds a match for illegal expression it immediately drops parsing the whole language altogether.
excludeBegin, excludeEnd
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: boolean
Exclude beginning or ending lexemes out of mode's generated markup. For example in CSS syntax a rule ends with a semicolon.
However visually it's better not to color it as the rule contents. Having ``excludeEnd: true`` forces a ``<span>`` element for the rule to close before the semicolon.
returnBegin
^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: boolean
Returns just found beginning lexeme back into parser. This is used when beginning of a sub-mode is a complex expression
that should not only be found within a parent mode but also parsed according to the rules of a sub-mode.
Since the parser is effectively goes back it's quite possible to create a infinite loop here so use with caution!
returnEnd
^^^^^^^^^
**type**: boolean
Returns just found ending lexeme back into parser. This is used for example to parse Javascript embedded into HTML.
A Javascript block ends with the HTML closing tag ``</script>`` that cannot be parsed with Javascript rules.
So it is returned back into its parent HTML mode that knows what to do with it.
Since the parser is effectively goes back it's quite possible to create a infinite loop here so use with caution!
contains
^^^^^^^^
**type**: array
The list of sub-modes that can be found inside the mode. For detailed explanation see :doc:`Language definition guide </language-guide>`.
starts
^^^^^^
**type**: identifier
The name of the mode that will start right after the current mode ends. The new mode won't be contained within the current one.
Currently this attribute is used to highlight Javascript and CSS contained within HTML.
Tags ``<script>`` and ``<style>`` start sub-modes that use another language definition to parse their contents (see :ref:`subLanguage`).
variants
^^^^^^^^
**type**: array
Modification to the main definitions of the mode, effectively expanding it into several similar modes
each having all the attributes from the main definition augmented or overridden by the variants::
{
className: 'string',
contains: [hljs.BACKSLASH_ESCAPE],
relevance: 0,
variants: [
{begin: /"/, end: /"/},
{begin: /'/, end: /'/, relevance: 1}
]
}
.. _subLanguage:
subLanguage
^^^^^^^^^^^
**type**: string or array
Highlights the entire contents of the mode with another language.
When using this attribute there's no point to define internal parsing rules like :ref:`lexemes` or :ref:`keywords`. Also it is recommended to skip ``className`` attribute since the sublanguage will wrap the text in its own ``<span class="language-name">``.
The value of the attribute controls which language or languages will be used for highlighting:
* language name: explicit highlighting with the specified language
* empty array: auto detection with all the languages available
* array of language names: auto detection constrained to the specified set
skip
^^^^
**type**: boolean
Skips any markup processing for the mode ensuring that it remains a part of its
parent buffer along with the starting and the ending lexemes. This works in
conjunction with the parent's :ref:`subLanguage` when it requires complex
parsing.
Consider parsing PHP inside HTML::
<p><? echo 'PHP'; /* ?> */ ?></p>
The ``?>`` inside the comment should **not** end the PHP part, so we have to
handle pairs of ``/* .. */`` to correctly find the ending ``?>``::
{
begin: /<\?/, end: /\?>/,
subLanguage: 'php',
contains: [{begin: '/\\*', end: '\\*/', skip: true}]
}
Without ``skip: true`` every comment would cause the parser to drop out back
into the HTML mode.

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Release process
===============
Note: this is intended for core committers.
* Update CHANGES.md with everything interesting since the last update.
* Update version numbers using the three-part x.y.z notation everywhere:
* The header in CHANGES.md (this is where the site looks for the latest version number)
* ``"version"`` attribute in package.json
* Two places in docs/conf.py (``version`` and ``release``)
* Commit the version changes and tag the commit with the plain version number (no "v." or anything like that)
* Push the commit and the tags to master (``git push && git push --tags``)
Pushing the tag triggers the update process which can be monitored at http://highlightjs.org/api/release/
When something didn't work *and* it's fixable in code (version numbers mismatch, last minute patches, etc), simply make another release incrementing the third (revision) part of the version number.

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Style guide
===========
Key principle
-------------
Highlight.js themes are language agnostic.
Instead of trying to make a *rich* set of highlightable classes look good in a
handful of languages we have a *limited* set of classes that work for all
languages.
Hence, there are two important implications:
* Highlight.js styles tend to be minimalistic.
* It's not possible to exactly emulate themes from other highlighting engines.
Defining a theme
----------------
A theme is a single CSS defining styles for class names listed in the
:doc:`class reference </css-classes-reference>`. The general guideline is to
style all available classes, however an author may deliberately choose to
exclude some (for example, ``.attr`` is usually left unstyled).
You are not required to invent a separate styling for every group of class
names, it's perfectly okay to group them:
::
.hljs-string,
.hljs-section,
.hljs-selector-class,
.hljs-template-variable,
.hljs-deletion {
color: #800;
}
Use as few or as many unique style combinations as you want.
Typography and layout dos and don'ts
------------------------------------
Don't use:
* non-standard borders/margin/paddings for the root container ``.hljs``
* specific font faces
* font size, line height and anything that affects position and size of
characters within the container
Okay to use:
* colors (obviously!)
* italic, bold, underlining, etc.
* image backgrounds
These may seem arbitrary at first but it's what has shown to make sense in
practice.
There's also a common set of rules that *has* to be defined for the root
container verbatim:
::
.hljs {
display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
padding: 0.5em;
}
``.subst``
----------
One important caveat: don't forget to style ``.subst``. It's used for parsed
sections within strings and almost always should be reset to the default color:
::
.hljs,
.hljs-subst {
color: black;
}
Contributing
------------
You should include a comment at the top of the CSS file with attribution and
other meta data if necessary. The format is free:
::
/*
Fancy style (c) John Smith <email@domain.com>
*/
If you're a new contributor add yourself to the authors list in AUTHORS.*.txt
(use either English and/or Russian version). Also update CHANGES.md with your
contribution.
Send your contribution as a pull request on GitHub.