08-27-周三_17-09-29
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Python/Python面向对象/类空间问题及类的关系.md
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Python/Python面向对象/类空间问题及类的关系.md
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# 类的空间问题
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## 添加类和对象的属性
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在 Python 中，**对象属性**（实例属性）和**类属性**的添加可以分别在类的内部（定义类时）和外部（运行时）进行。
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### 对象属性
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- **内部添加**：在类的 `__init__` 方法中定义的属性，属于对象（实例），每个实例有自己独立的属性。
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- **外部添加**：可以在实例化对象后，动态地为某个对象添加属性。
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### 类属性
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- **内部添加**：在类的定义中直接定义的属性，属于类本身，所有实例共享。
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- **外部添加**：可以在类定义后，动态地添加类属性。
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```python
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class MyClass:
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# 1. 类属性：内部添加
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class_attr = "I am a class attribute"
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def __init__(self, name):
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# 2. 对象属性：内部添加
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self.name = name
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def add_instance_attr(self, age):
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# 3. 对象属性：内部添加（通过方法动态添加）
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self.age = age
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# 创建实例
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obj1 = MyClass("Object 1")
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# 访问类属性和对象属性
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print(obj1.name) # 输出: Object 1
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print(MyClass.class_attr) # 输出: I am a class attribute
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# 4. 对象属性：外部添加
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obj1.gender = "Male" # 动态给 obj1 添加 gender 属性
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print(obj1.gender) # 输出: Male
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# 5. 类属性：外部添加
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MyClass.new_class_attr = "I am a new class attribute"
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print(MyClass.new_class_attr) # 输出: I am a new class attribute
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# 创建另一个实例，验证类属性的共享性
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obj2 = MyClass("Object 2")
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print(obj2.name) # 输出: Object 2
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print(obj2.new_class_attr) # 输出: I am a new class attribute
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# 6. 在内部通过方法添加对象属性
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obj1.add_instance_attr(25)
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print(obj1.age) # 输出: 25
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# 注意：obj2 没有 age 属性，因为 age 是通过 obj1 的方法动态添加的
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# print(obj2.age) # 访问时会报错，因为 obj2 没有 age 属性
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```
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## 对象如何找到类的属性
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**对象查找属性的顺序**：
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1. 先从对象空间找
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2. 类空间找
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3. 父类空间找
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4. 基类空间
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**类名查找属性的顺序**：
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1. 先从本类空间找
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2. 父类空间找
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3. 基类空间
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上面的顺序都是单向不可逆，类名不可能找到对象的属性。
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# 类之间关系
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类与类中存在以下关系:
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- 依赖关系
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- 关联关系
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- 组合关系
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- 聚合关系
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- 实现关系
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- 继承关系(类的三大特性之一：继承)
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## 依赖关系
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例：将大象装进冰箱，需要两个类, ⼀个是⼤象类, ⼀个是冰箱类
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```python
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class Elphant:
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name
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def open(self):
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'''
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开门
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'''
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pass
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def go(self):
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# 大象进入冰箱
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pass
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def close(self):
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'''
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关门
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'''
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pass
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class Refrigerator:
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def open_door(self):
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print('冰箱门打开了')
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def close_door(self):
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print('冰箱门关上了')
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```
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将大象类和冰箱类进行依赖
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```python
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class Elphant:
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def __init__(self,name):
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self.name = name
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def open(self,obj):
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print(self.name + '开门')
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obj.open_door()
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def go(self):
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print(f'{self.name}进到冰箱里')
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def close(self,obj):
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print(self.name + '关门')
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obj.close_door()
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class Refrigerator:
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def __init__(self,name):
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self.name = name
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def open_door(self):
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print(self.name + '门被打开了')
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def close_door(self):
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print(self.name+'门被关上了')
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elphant = Elphant('小飞象')
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refrigerator = Refrigerator('格力冰箱')
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elphant.open(refrigerator)
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elphant.go()
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elphant.close(refrigerator)
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```
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## 关联-聚合-组合关系
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其实这三个在代码上写法是⼀样的，但是从含义上是不⼀样的：
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1. 关联关系：两种事物必须是互相关联的，但是在某些特殊情况下是可以更改和更换的。
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2. 聚合关系：属于关联关系中的⼀种特例，侧重点是xxx和xxx聚合成xxx，各⾃有各⾃的声明周期，比如电脑，电脑⾥有 CPU, 硬盘, 内存等等。电脑挂了， CPU 还是好的，还是完整的个体。
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3. 组合关系：属于关联关系中的⼀种特例，写法上差不多，组合关系比聚合还要紧密。比如⼈的⼤脑，⼼脏，各个器官，这些器官组合成⼀个⼈。这时，⼈如果挂了，其他的东⻄也跟着挂了。
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**关联关系**
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```python
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class Boy:
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def __init__(self,name, girlfriend = None):
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self.name = name
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self.girlfriend = girlfriend
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def dinner(self):
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if self.girlfriend:
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print('%s 和 %s 一起共进晚餐' % (self.name, self.girlfriend.name))
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else:
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print('连女朋友都没有，还有心情吃饭')
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class Girl:
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name
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boy = Boy('张三')
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boy.dinner()
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girl = Girl('如花')
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boy2 = Boy('李四', girl)
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boy2.dinner()
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```
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注意， 此时 Boy 和 Girl 两个类之间就是关联关系，两个类的对象紧密联系着，其中⼀个没有了，另⼀个就孤单的不得了，关联关系，其实就是，我需要你，你也属于我。
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学校和老师之间的关系
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```python
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class School:
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def __init__(self,name,address):
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self.name = name
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self.address = address
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class Teacher:
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def __init__(self,name,school):
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self.name = name
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self.school = school
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s1 = School('镇江校区','北京')
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s2 = School('常州校区','上海')
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s3 = School('南京校区','深圳')
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t1 = Teacher('T1',s1)
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t2 = Teacher('T2',s2)
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t3 = Teacher('T3',s3)
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print(t1.school.name)
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print(t2.school.name)
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print(t3.school.name)
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```
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但是学校也是依赖于老师的，所以老师学校应该互相依赖。
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```python
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class School:
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def __init__(self,name,address):
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self.name = name
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self.address = address
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self.teacher_list = []
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def append_teacher(self,teacher):
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self.teacher_list.append(teacher)
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class Teacher:
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def __init__(self,name,school):
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self.name = name
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self.school = school
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s1 = School('北京校区','北京')
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s2 = School('上海校区','上海')
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s3 = School('深圳校区','深圳')
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t1 = Teacher('T1',s1)
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t2 = Teacher('T2',s2)
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t3 = Teacher('T3',s3)
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s1.append_teacher(t1.name)
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s1.append_teacher(t2.name)
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s1.append_teacher(t3.name)
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print(s1.teacher_list)
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```
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**组合：将一个类的对象封装到另一个类的对象的属性中，就叫组合。**
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例：设计一个游戏，让游戏里面的人物互殴，加上一个武器类，让人使用武器攻击。
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```python
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class Gamerole:
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def __init__(self,name,ad,hp,wea=None):
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self.name = name
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self.ad = ad
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self.hp = hp
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self.wea = wea
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def attack(self,p1):
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p1.hp -= self.ad
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print('%s攻击%s,%s掉了%s血,还剩%s'%(self.name,p1.name,p1.name,self.ad,p1.hp))
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def equip_weapon(self,wea):
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self.wea = wea
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wea.ad += self.ad
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wea.owner_name = self.name
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class Weapon:
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def __init__(self,name,ad,owner_name = None):
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self.name = name
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self.owner_name = owner_name
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self.ad = ad
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def weapon_attack(self,p2):
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p2.hp = p2.hp - self.ad
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print('%s利用%s攻击了%s，%s还剩%s血'%(self.owner_name,self.name,p2.name,p2.name,p2.hp))
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man = Gamerole('人',10,100)
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dog = Gamerole('狗',50,100)
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stick = Weapon('木棍',40)
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man.equip_weapon(stick)
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man.wea.weapon_attack(dog)
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# 人利用木棍攻击了狗，狗还剩50血
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```
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## 案例：王者荣耀3V3
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```python
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import time
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import random
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class Gamerole:
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def __init__(self,name,ad,hp):
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self.name = name
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self.ad = ad
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self.hp = hp
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def attack(self,p1):
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p1.hp -= self.ad
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print('%s攻击%s,%s掉了%s血,还剩%s'%(self.name,p1.name,p1.name,self.ad,p1.hp))
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def equip_weapon(self,wea):
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self.wea = wea
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wea.ad += self.ad
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wea.owner_name = self.name
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class Weapon:
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def __init__(self,name,ad,owner_name = None):
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self.name = name
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self.owner_name = owner_name
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self.ad = ad
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def weapon_attack(self,p2):
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p2.hp = p2.hp - self.ad
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print('%s利用%s攻击了%s，%s还剩%s血'%(self.owner_name,self.name,p2.name,p2.name,p2.hp))
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sunwukong = Gamerole("孙悟空", 20, 500)
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caocao = Gamerole("曹操", 20, 100)
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anqila = Gamerole("安琪拉", 50, 80)
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zhaoyun = Gamerole("赵云", 30, 450)
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guanyu = Gamerole("关羽", 80, 200)
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diaochan = Gamerole("貂蝉", 60, 150)
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blue_list = [sunwukong, caocao, anqila]
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red_list = [zhaoyun, guanyu, diaochan]
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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print("游戏开始加载")
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# 打印一个菜单
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for i in range(0, 101, 2):
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time.sleep(0.1)
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char_num = i // 2
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per_str = '\r%s%% : %s\n' % (i, '*' * char_num) \
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if i == 100 else '\r%s%% : %s' % (i, '*' * char_num)
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print(per_str, end='', flush=True)
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info = input("游戏加载完毕，输入任意字符开始！")
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# 输出东邪吸毒阵营里的任务角色
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print("蓝方阵营".center(20, '*'))
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for i in blue_list:
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print(i.name.center(20))
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print("红方阵营".center(20, '*'))
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for i in red_list:
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print(i.name.center(20))
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while True:
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# 判断游戏结束的条件是某一方全部阵亡
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if len(blue_list) == 0:
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print("红方阵营胜利！！！")
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break
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if len(red_list) == 0:
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print("蓝方阵营胜利！")
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break
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# 游戏逻辑，每次随机选择一名角色出击
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index1 = random.randint(0, len(blue_list) - 1)
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index2 = random.randint(0, len(red_list) - 1)
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# 开始攻击
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time.sleep(1)
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role1 = blue_list[index1]
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time.sleep(1)
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role2 = red_list[index2]
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time.sleep(1)
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role1.attack(role2)
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role2.attack(role1)
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# 判断是否有英雄阵亡
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if role1.hp <= 0:
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print("%s阵亡！" % role1.name)
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blue_list.remove(role1)
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if role2.hp <= 0:
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print("%s阵亡！" % role2.name)
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red_list.remove(role2)
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```
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